Ukrainian intelligence estimates that nearly 20,000 Cubans have signed contracts with the Russian military since Russia’s full-scale invasion in 2022. According to testimony and reports, many were allegedly lured by promises of high pay, Russian citizenship and job opportunities. Some traveled to Russia without a visa, as Cuban citizens are permitted to enter the country without a visa for 90 days.
Recruiters reportedly offered between $2,000 and $2,500 per month.
According to Ukrainian defense officials, about 6,000 to 7,000 Cubans are currently fighting on the front lines, making them the second-largest foreign contingent after North Koreans. Ukraine estimates that 200 to 300 Cubans have died in combat.
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Ukrainian intelligence estimates nearly 20,000 Cubans have joined Russia’s military effort in Ukraine since 2022, with 6,000 to 7,000 on the front lines.
How are Cubans being recruited?
Social media, word of mouth and informal recruiters have played key roles. Reports say Cubans were often told they would work in construction or other noncombat roles, only to find themselves in war zones. Many signed contracts were written in Russian, which they could not read.
A BBC analysis matched dozens of names from leaked Russian military documents to Cuban social media accounts. Radio Free Europe investigators used satellite images and geolocation to confirm that Cuban fighters had trained with Russia’s 106th Airborne Division.
What has Cuba said?
Cuban officials have issued conflicting statements. After reports of a human trafficking network surfaced in 2023, the government announced the arrest of 17 suspects but later released them.
Meanwhile, Ukrainian officials accuse Havana of complicity. Legislator Maryan Zablotskyy claims that 40% of the Cuban recruits are linked to the Cuban military and has called for sanctions against the Díaz-Canel administration.
Captured fighters say they were deceived and now remain detained without recognition or assistance from either government. Some say they would rather stay imprisoned than return home.
