The protracted conflict between Russia and Ukraine, now entering its third year, has inflicted approximately 1 million casualties, both killed and wounded, according to The Wall Street Journal. This toll has significantly impacted the demographic and economic stability of both nations, already suffering from population declines prior to the conflict.

Efforts to ascertain precise casualty numbers have been hampered by the reticence of both Moscow and Kyiv in disclosing their military losses.

Unofficial estimates reveal about 80,000 Ukrainian military deaths and 400,000 injuries. For Russia, Western intelligence sources suggest casualty figures could be as high as 200,000 dead and another 400,000 wounded.

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The demographic consequences are particularly dire for Ukraine, where the pre-war population was only about a quarter of Russia’s.

The ongoing war has not only led to a devastating loss of life but also driven mass displacement, severely straining Ukraine’s demographic fabric.

In contrast, Russia has been deploying large numbers of less-trained conscripts to sustain its offensive efforts, indicating a potential depletion of its military manpower.

President Vladimir Putin’s 2022 invasion was partially motivated by a desire to bolster Russia’s declining demographic figures by integrating Ukrainians into the Russian populace, reaffirming historical claims over Ukraine.

Moscow has implemented forceful measures in occupied Ukrainian territories, including enforced citizenship and cultural assimilation, to secure its hold on these regions.

Russia’s annexation and occupation strategies have notably decreased Ukraine’s population. Since the full-scale invasion began in February 2022, more than 6 million people have fled Ukraine, and Russia’s continued territorial encroachments have reduced the population under Kyiv’s control to between 25 and 27 million, down from 40 million at the beginning of 2022.

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The war’s impact on Ukraine’s birth rate compounds these demographic challenges. In the first half of 2024 alone, there were 250,000 deaths but only 87,000 births, a 9% decrease from the previous year, underscoring the worsening population crisis. In comparison, there were over 130,000 births in 2021, the year before the invasion commenced.